# Observability Stack Guide

This guide explains how to use the observability stack (Grafana, Prometheus, Loki, Promtail) included in the infrastructure.

## Architecture Overview

### Components

The stack consists of the following components:

- **Prometheus**: Metrics collection and storage
- **Loki**: Log aggregation system
- **Promtail**: Log collector agent
- **Grafana**: Unified visualization dashboard

### Architecture Diagram

```mermaid
flowchart LR
 subgraph Services["Microservices"]
 IAM[IAM Service]
 USER[User Service]
 TRAEFIK[Traefik Gateway]
 end

 subgraph Collection["Data Collection"]
 PROM[Prometheus]
 PROMTAIL[Promtail]
 end

 subgraph Storage["Data Storage"]
 PROM_DB[(Prometheus DB)]
 LOKI_DB[(Loki DB)]
 end

 subgraph Visualization["Visualization"]
 GRAFANA[Grafana Dashboard]
 end

 IAM -->|Metrics| PROM
 USER -->|Metrics| PROM
 TRAEFIK -->|Metrics| PROM

 IAM -.->|Logs| PROMTAIL
 USER -.->|Logs| PROMTAIL
 TRAEFIK -.->|Logs| PROMTAIL

 PROM -->|Store| PROM_DB
 PROMTAIL -->|Push| LOKI_DB

 PROM_DB -->|Query| GRAFANA
 LOKI_DB -->|Query| GRAFANA

 style Services fill:#2d3748
 style Collection fill:#2c5282
 style Storage fill:#2f855a
 style Visualization fill:#744210
 style IAM fill:#4a5568
 style USER fill:#4a5568
 style TRAEFIK fill:#4a5568
 style PROM fill:#3182ce
 style PROMTAIL fill:#3182ce
 style PROM_DB fill:#38a169
 style LOKI_DB fill:#38a169
 style GRAFANA fill:#d69e2e
```

### Data Flow

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
 participant S as Service
 participant PT as Promtail
 participant P as Prometheus
 participant L as Loki
 participant G as Grafana

 Note over S,G: Metrics Flow
 S->>P: Expose /metrics endpoint
 P->>P: Scrape metrics (15s interval)
 G->>P: Query PromQL
 P-->>G: Return metrics data

 Note over S,G: Logs Flow
 S->>PT: Write logs to stdout
 PT->>PT: Parse & Label logs
 PT->>L: Push logs via HTTP
 G->>L: Query LogQL
 L-->>G: Return log data
```

## Getting Started

### Prerequisites

- Docker and Docker Compose installed
- Existing `microservices-network` (created by the main application stack or manually)

### Starting the Stack

You can easily start the stack using the provided script:

```bash
./scripts/observability/start.sh
```

Or manually:

```bash
docker network create microservices-network || true

cd infra/observability
docker-compose -f docker-compose.observability.yml up -d
```

Check if all containers are running:

```bash
docker ps
```

You should see `grafana`, `prometheus`, `loki`, and `promtail`.

## Accessing Services

| Service | URL | Credentials | Description |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Grafana** | [http://localhost:3001](http://localhost:3001) | `admin` / `admin` | Main dashboard for visualization |
| **Prometheus** | [http://localhost:9090](http://localhost:9090) | N/A | Raw metrics and target status |
| **Loki** | [http://localhost:3100](http://localhost:3100) | N/A | Log aggregation API (no UI) |

## Using Grafana

### Initial Setup

1. **Login**: Access [http://localhost:3001](http://localhost:3001) and login with `admin`/`admin`
2. **Change Password**: You'll be prompted to change the default password (recommended)
3. **Verify Datasources**:
 - Navigate to **Configuration** → **Data Sources**
 - Ensure both **Prometheus** and **Loki** are connected

### Exploring Data

Go to **Explore** (compass icon) in the sidebar:
- Select **Loki** from the datasource dropdown to search logs
- Select **Prometheus** from the datasource dropdown to query metrics

### Viewing Logs (Loki)

In the **Explore** view with **Loki** selected:

1. Click **Label browser**
2. Select a label, e.g., `container`
3. Choose a specific container (e.g., `iam-service` or `traefik`)
4. Click **Show logs**

**LogQL Query Examples:**

```logql
{container="iam-service"}
{container="iam-service"} |= "error"
{container="iam-service"} |= "error" | json
```

### Viewing Metrics (Prometheus)

In the **Explore** view with **Prometheus** selected:

1. Type a metric name in the query field (e.g., `up`, `container_memory_usage_bytes`)
2. Click **Run query**

**PromQL Query Examples:**

```promql
up

rate(http_requests_total[5m])

container_memory_usage_bytes{container="iam-service"}
```

## Configuration

### File Locations

- **Prometheus**: `infra/observability/prometheus/prometheus.yml`
- **Promtail**: `infra/observability/promtail/promtail-config.yml`
- **Grafana**: `infra/observability/grafana/`

### Custom Metrics

To expose custom metrics from your service:

```typescript
import { Counter, Histogram } from 'prom-client';

const requestCounter = new Counter({
 name: 'http_requests_total',
 help: 'Total HTTP requests',
 labelNames: ['method', 'route', 'status']
});

const requestDuration = new Histogram({
 name: 'http_request_duration_seconds',
 help: 'HTTP request duration',
 labelNames: ['method', 'route']
});
```

### Custom Dashboards

Create custom dashboards in Grafana:

1. Click **+** → **Dashboard**
2. Add **Panel**
3. Configure query (Prometheus or Loki)
4. Save dashboard

## Color Palette Reference

Diagrams use a dark color palette for better readability:

| Component Type | Fill Color | Stroke Color | Purpose |
|----------------|------------|--------------|----------|
| Services | `#e94560` | `#c81e3b` | Microservices (red) |
| Collectors | `#f39c12` | `#d68910` | Data collection (orange) |
| Storage | `#3498db` | `#2874a6` | Storage (blue) |
| Visualization | `#9b59b6` | `#7d3c98` | Visualization (purple) |
| Subgraphs | `#1a1a2e` - `#533483` | `#16213e` - `#0f3460` | Logical groups |

**All text uses `color:#ffffff` (white) for readability on dark backgrounds**

## Quick Tips

### Mermaid Common Issues

 **DO:**
- Use `flowchart LR` for left-to-right flow
- Use `sequenceDiagram` for time-based interactions
- Apply dark colors for better contrast
- Use descriptive node IDs

 **DON'T:**
- Mix `graph` and `flowchart` syntax
- Use special characters in node IDs without quotes
- Forget closing brackets for subgraphs

### LogQL Quick Reference

```logql
{label="value"}
{label="value"} |= "search"
{label="value"} |= "error" | json
{label="value"} | logfmt
```

### PromQL Quick Reference

```promql
metric_name
metric_name{label="value"}
rate(metric_name[5m])
sum(metric_name) by (label)
```

### Visual Indicators

- **Metrics**: Numerical time-series data
- **Logs**: Text-based event records
- **Query**: Search/filter operations
- **Explore**: Investigation interface
- **Dashboard**: Pre-configured visualizations

## Troubleshooting

### Common Issues

| Issue | Symptoms | Solution |
|-------|----------|----------|
| No logs visible | Grafana Explore shows no logs | Check Promtail is running: `docker ps \| grep promtail` |
| Missing metrics | Services don't appear in Prometheus targets | Check service `/metrics` endpoint |
| Container won't start | `docker ps` doesn't show container | View logs: `docker-compose logs <service-name>` |
| Network issue | Services can't connect | Create network: `docker network create microservices-network` |

### Logs Not Appearing in Loki

1. Check Promtail logs: `docker logs promtail`
2. Verify container labels are correct
3. Ensure services are on `microservices-network`

### Metrics Not Appearing in Prometheus

1. Check Prometheus targets: [http://localhost:9090/targets](http://localhost:9090/targets)
2. Verify service exposes `/metrics` endpoint
3. Check Prometheus scrape config

### Grafana Shows "No Data"

1. Verify datasource connection (Configuration → Data Sources)
2. Check time range in query
3. Ensure data exists in Prometheus/Loki