# Kiến trúc Giao tiếp Microservices

> Các patterns và protocols giao tiếp giữa các services

## Quick Overview

Hướng dẫn nhanh về các patterns giao tiếp cơ bản trong hệ thống GoodGo.

### Mô hình Giao tiếp Cơ bản

```mermaid
graph TD
    %% Nodes
    Client[Web App / Mobile App]
    Traefik[Traefik API Gateway]
    Auth[Auth Service]
    Notify[Notification Service]

    %% Relationships
    Client -->|HTTP Request| Traefik
    Traefik -->|Routing| Auth
    Auth -.->|Internal HTTP| Notify

    %% Styles using dark color palette
    style Client fill:#1565c0,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    style Traefik fill:#0f4c81,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    style Auth fill:#283593,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    style Notify fill:#4527a0,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
```

### Giao tiếp Đồng bộ (HTTP/REST)

Các service giao tiếp đồng bộ qua HTTP REST APIs thông qua Traefik API Gateway.

**Ví dụ Client → Service:**
```typescript
// Web App -> Auth Service
const response = await fetch('http://api.goodgo.vn/api/v1/auth/login', {
  method: 'POST',
  body: JSON.stringify({ email, password }),
});
```

**Ví dụ Service → Service:**
```typescript
// Auth Service -> Notification Service
const response = await fetch('http://notification-service:5003/api/v1/notifications', {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: { 'X-Service-Auth': process.env.INTERNAL_API_KEY },
  body: JSON.stringify({ userId, message }),
});
```

### API Gateway Routing

Traefik định tuyến requests dựa trên:
- **Host header**: `api.goodgo.vn`
- **Path prefix**: `/api/v1/auth`, `/api/v1/users`

### Format Error Response Chuẩn

Tất cả services tuân theo định dạng error response nhất quán:

```json
{
  "success": false,
  "error": {
    "code": "AUTH_001",
    "message": "Invalid credentials",
    "details": {}
  },
  "timestamp": "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
}
```

---

## Sơ đồ Tổng quan

```mermaid
graph TD
    Client[Client Apps] --> Gateway[API Gateway<br/>Traefik]
    
    Gateway --> ServiceA[Service A]
    Gateway --> ServiceB[Service B]
    
    ServiceA <-->|REST/HTTP| ServiceB
    ServiceA -->|Events| Kafka[Kafka Broker]
    ServiceB <-.->|Sub| Kafka
    
    ServiceA --> SD[Service Discovery<br/>Docker DNS / K8s DNS]
    ServiceB --> SD
    
    classDef blue fill:#253041,stroke:#4b6584,color:#ffffff
    classDef orange fill:#3a2e1e,stroke:#7a5f3c,color:#ffffff
    classDef green fill:#1e3a29,stroke:#3c7a52,color:#ffffff
    
    class Gateway blue
    class Kafka orange
    class SD green
```

## Bối cảnh Hệ thống

```mermaid
C4Context
    title System Context Diagram for GoodGo Microservices Communication
    
    Person(client_web, "Web Client", "Browser/Mobile App")
    Person(client_api, "API Consumer", "External API clients")
    
    System_Boundary(goodgo, "GoodGo Platform") {
        System(gateway, "API Gateway", "Traefik - Routes requests to services")
        System(services, "Microservices", "IAM, User, Order, Product services")
        System(kafka, "Event Bus", "Kafka - Async communication")
        System(discovery, "Service Discovery", "Docker DNS / K8s DNS")
    }
    
    System_Ext(db, "Database", "Neon PostgreSQL")
    System_Ext(cache, "Cache", "Redis")
    System_Ext(external_api, "External APIs", "Payment, Email, SMS")
    
    Rel(client_web, gateway, "Uses", "HTTPS")
    Rel(client_api, gateway, "Calls", "HTTPS/REST")
    Rel(gateway, services, "Routes to", "HTTP")
    Rel(services, kafka, "Pub/Sub", "Kafka Protocol")
    Rel(services, discovery, "Lookup", "DNS")
    Rel(services, db, "Reads/Writes", "PostgreSQL")
    Rel(services, cache, "Gets/Sets", "Redis Protocol")
    Rel(services, external_api, "Integrates", "HTTPS")
```

Nền tảng GoodGo sử dụng kiến trúc microservices nơi tất cả client requests đi qua API Gateway (Traefik), được route đến các microservices phù hợp. Các services giao tiếp đồng bộ qua REST/HTTP cho patterns request-response và bất đồng bộ qua Kafka cho workflows event-driven. Service discovery được xử lý bởi Docker DNS trong môi trường local và Kubernetes DNS trong production.

## Protocols Giao tiếp

### So sánh Protocols

| Protocol | Latency | Complexity | Use Case |
|----------|---------|------------|----------|
| **REST** | Medium | Low | External APIs, CRUD |
| **gRPC** | Low | High | Internal high-performance |
| **Events** | Async | Medium | Decoupled workflows |
| **GraphQL** | Medium | Medium | Complex data fetching |

### Pattern REST/HTTP

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
    participant Client
    participant Gateway as API Gateway
    participant ServiceA as Service A
    participant ServiceB as Service B
    
    Client->>Gateway: GET /api/v1/users/123
    Gateway->>ServiceA: Forward Request
    ServiceA->>ServiceB: GET /internal/permissions/123
    ServiceB-->>ServiceA: Permissions
    ServiceA-->>Gateway: User + Permissions
    Gateway-->>Client: JSON Response
```

Request-response đồng bộ sử dụng HTTP/REST.

**Triển khai (.NET với IHttpClientFactory)**:
```csharp
// EN: Service-to-service HTTP client
// VI: HTTP client cho giao tiếp giữa services
public class IamServiceClient : IIamServiceClient
{
    private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
    private readonly ILogger<IamServiceClient> _logger;
    
    public IamServiceClient(HttpClient httpClient, ILogger<IamServiceClient> logger)
    {
        _httpClient = httpClient;
        _logger = logger;
    }
    
    public async Task<UserDto?> GetUserAsync(Guid userId, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        try
        {
            var response = await _httpClient.GetAsync($"/api/v1/users/{userId}", ct);
            response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
            
            return await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<UserDto>(ct);
        }
        catch (HttpRequestException ex)
        {
            _logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to get user {UserId}", userId);
            throw;
        }
    }
}

// EN: Registration in Program.cs
// VI: Đăng ký trong Program.cs
builder.Services.AddHttpClient<IIamServiceClient, IamServiceClient>(client =>
{
    client.BaseAddress = new Uri("http://iam-service-net:8080");
    client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("X-Service-Name", "storage-service");
    client.Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5);
})
.AddPolicyHandler(GetRetryPolicy())
.AddPolicyHandler(GetCircuitBreakerPolicy());
```

### Pattern Event-Driven

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
    participant ServiceA
    participant Kafka
    participant ServiceB
    participant ServiceC
    
    ServiceA->>Kafka: Publish: user.created
    Kafka->>ServiceB: Deliver event
    Kafka->>ServiceC: Deliver event
    
    par Parallel Processing
        ServiceB->>ServiceB: Send welcome email
        ServiceC->>ServiceC: Create user profile
    end
```

Giao tiếp bất đồng bộ dựa trên events qua Kafka.

### Khám phá Dịch vụ

**Local (Docker Compose)**:
```yaml
# Services discover via Docker DNS
http://service-name:port
http://iam-service:3001
```

**Kubernetes**:
```yaml
# Services discover via K8s DNS
http://service-name.namespace.svc.cluster.local
http://iam-service.default.svc.cluster.local:3001
```

## Pattern API Gateway

```mermaid
graph LR
    Client --> Gateway[API Gateway<br/>Traefik]
    
    subgraph "Gateway Features"
        Gateway --> Route[Routing]
        Gateway --> LB[Load Balancing]
        Gateway --> Auth[Authentication]
        Gateway --> Rate[Rate Limiting]
        Gateway --> CORS
    end
    
    Route --> Service1[Service 1]
    Route --> Service2[Service 2]
    LB --> Service1A[Instance A]
    LB --> Service1B[Instance B]
    
    %% Dark color palette with white text
    classDef clientBlue fill:#1565c0,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    classDef gatewayBlue fill:#0f4c81,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    classDef featurePurple fill:#4527a0,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    classDef serviceGreen fill:#1e3a29,stroke:#3c7a52,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    
    class Client clientBlue
    class Gateway gatewayBlue
    class Route,LB,Auth,Rate,CORS featurePurple
    class Service1,Service2,Service1A,Service1B serviceGreen
```

Điểm vào duy nhất cho tất cả client requests với routing, auth, rate limiting.

## Đặc điểm Hiệu suất

Kỳ vọng hiệu suất và chiến lược tối ưu cho giao tiếp giữa các services.

| Chỉ số | Mục tiêu | Ghi chú |
|------------------|-------------------|-----------------|
| **Thời gian phản hồi REST API** | < 100ms | P95 cho các cuộc gọi service-to-service nội bộ |
| **Độ trễ publish event** | < 50ms | Thời gian publish tới Kafka |
| **Service discovery lookup** | < 10ms | Thời gian phân giải DNS |
| **Chi phí routing của Gateway** | < 20ms | Độ trễ thêm vào bởi Traefik |
| **Thông lượng** | 10,000 req/s | Mỗi service instance |
| **Xử lý Kafka event** | < 500ms | P95 xử lý event end-to-end |

**Chiến lược Tối ưu**:
- **Connection Pooling**: Tái sử dụng HTTP connections giữa services
- **Circuit Breaker**: Ngăn chặn cascading failures với thư viện Opossum
- **Retry with Backoff**: Exponential backoff cho transient failures
- **Compression**: Bật gzip cho payloads lớn
- **Caching**: Cache kết quả service discovery và responses

## Cân nhắc Bảo mật

Biện pháp bảo mật để bảo vệ giao tiếp giữa các services.

### Xác thực Service-to-Service

- **Internal API Keys**: Services xác thực sử dụng `x-service-auth` header
- **JWT Tokens**: Để truyền user context giữa services
- **Mutual TLS (mTLS)**: Tùy chọn cho môi trường production (Kubernetes service mesh)

### Bảo mật Mạng

- **Network Policies**: Kubernetes NetworkPolicies hạn chế traffic service-to-service
- **Service Mesh**: Istio/Linkerd cho security policies nâng cao (tùy chọn)
- **Private Networks**: Services giao tiếp trong private VPC/cluster network

### Bảo vệ Dữ liệu

- **Encryption in Transit**: TLS 1.2+ cho mọi external communication
- **Event Payload Encryption**: Dữ liệu nhạy cảm được mã hóa trước khi publish tới Kafka
- **API Gateway**: Xử lý SSL termination và request validation

### Best Practices Bảo mật

```typescript
// Service client với xác thực
export class SecureServiceClient {
  private client = axios.create({
    baseURL: process.env.SERVICE_URL,
    timeout: 5000,
    headers: {
      'x-service-auth': process.env.INTERNAL_API_KEY,
      'x-correlation-id': generateCorrelationId()
    },
    httpsAgent: new https.Agent({
      rejectUnauthorized: true // Xác minh SSL certificates
    })
  });
}
```

## Triển khai

Cách giao tiếp microservices được triển khai và mở rộng qua các môi trường.

```mermaid
graph TD
    subgraph "Production Cluster"
        LB[Load Balancer] --> Gateway[API Gateway<br/>3 replicas]
        
        Gateway --> ServiceA1[Service A<br/>Instance 1]
        Gateway --> ServiceA2[Service A<br/>Instance 2]
        Gateway --> ServiceB1[Service B<br/>Instance 1]
        Gateway --> ServiceB2[Service B<br/>Instance 2]
        
        ServiceA1 & ServiceA2 --> Kafka[Kafka Cluster<br/>3 brokers]
        ServiceB1 & ServiceB2 --> Kafka
        
        ServiceA1 & ServiceA2 --> DB[(PostgreSQL<br/>Primary + Replica)]
        ServiceB1 & ServiceB2 --> DB
        
        ServiceA1 & ServiceA2 --> Redis[(Redis Cluster<br/>3 nodes)]
        ServiceB1 & ServiceB2 --> Redis
    end
    
    %% Dark color palette with white text and white strokes
    classDef lbGrey fill:#424242,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    classDef gatewayBlue fill:#0f4c81,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    classDef servicePurple fill:#4527a0,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    classDef kafkaOrange fill:#3a2e1e,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    classDef dbGreen fill:#1e3a29,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff
    classDef redisRed fill:#3a1e1e,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:2px,color:#fff

    class LB lbGrey
    class Gateway gatewayBlue
    class ServiceA1,ServiceA2,ServiceB1,ServiceB2 servicePurple
    class Kafka kafkaOrange
    class DB dbGreen
    class Redis redisRed
```

### Môi trường Triển khai

| Environment | Gateway | Services | Kafka | Service Discovery |
|-------------|---------|----------|-------|-------------------|
| **Local** | Traefik (Docker) | Single instance per service | Single broker | Docker DNS |
| **Staging** | Traefik (2 replicas) | 2 replicas per service | 3 brokers | Kubernetes DNS |
| **Production** | Traefik (3+ replicas) | 3+ replicas per service | 5+ brokers | Kubernetes DNS + Service Mesh |

### Chiến lược Mở rộng

- **Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)**: Tự động scale dựa trên CPU/memory
- **Kafka Partitions**: Scale event processing bằng cách tăng partitions
- **Load Balancing**: Cân bằng tải giữa pod replicas
- **Gateway Scaling**: Traefik scale độc lập với backend services

## Giám sát & Khả năng quan sát

Cách giám sát và quan sát giao tiếp microservices.

### Chỉ số Chính

**Service-to-Service Metrics**:
- `http_request_duration_seconds` - Request latency histogram
- `http_requests_total` - Total requests counter
- `http_request_errors_total` - Failed requests counter
- `service_client_timeout_total` - Timeout counter

**Gateway Metrics**:
- `traefik_service_requests_total` - Requests per service
- `traefik_service_request_duration_seconds` - Routing latency
- `traefik_service_retries_total` - Retry attempts

**Kafka Metrics**:
- `kafka_producer_record_send_total` - Events published
- `kafka_consumer_lag` - Consumer lag
- `kafka_consumer_records_consumed_total` - Events consumed

### Kiểm tra Sức khỏe

**Service Endpoints**:
```typescript
// Liveness - service có đang chạy không?
app.get('/health/live', (req, res) => {
  res.json({ status: 'ok', timestamp: new Date().toISOString() });
});

// Readiness - service có thể xử lý traffic không?
app.get('/health/ready', async (req, res) => {
  const checks = {
    database: await checkDatabase(),
    redis: await checkRedis(),
    kafka: await checkKafka()
  };
  
  const healthy = Object.values(checks).every(c => c);
  res.status(healthy ? 200 : 503).json({ ready: healthy, checks });
});
```

**Kubernetes Probes**:
```yaml
livenessProbe:
  httpGet:
    path: /health/live
    port: 3000
  initialDelaySeconds: 30
  periodSeconds: 10

readinessProbe:
  httpGet:
    path: /health/ready
    port: 3000
  initialDelaySeconds: 5
  periodSeconds: 5
```

### Tracing Phân tán

- **OpenTelemetry**: Instrument tất cả service-to-service calls
- **Jaeger**: Hiển thị distributed traces
- **Correlation IDs**: Truyền qua `x-correlation-id` header để tracking requests

### Dashboard Giám sát

**Grafana Panels**:
- Service Communication Overview (request rate, latency, errors)
- Gateway Performance (routing time, backend health)
- Event Bus Health (Kafka lag, throughput)
- Service Dependencies (service map from traces)

## Tài liệu Liên quan

- [System Design](./system-design.md) - Kiến trúc tổng thể
- [Event-Driven Architecture](./event-driven-architecture.md) - Event patterns
- [API Gateway Advanced](../skills/api-gateway-advanced.md) - Gateway patterns
- [Inter-Service Communication](../skills/inter-service-communication.md) - Communication patterns
- [Resilience Patterns](../skills/resilience-patterns.md) - Circuit breaker, retry

---

## Quick Tips

### Mermaid Common Issues
- **Arrow Syntax**: `-->` (solid), `-.->` (dotted), `==>` (thick)
- **Special Characters**: Escape with quote marks `"`
- **Subgraphs**: Use `subgraph "Title"` ... `end`

### Color Pattern Quick Reference
| Element | Color | Hex | Stroke | Usage |
|---------|-------|-----|--------|-------|
| **Core** | Blue | `#253041` | `#4b6584` | Primary components |
| **Logic** | Purple | `#2e1e3a` | `#5f3c7a` | Processing steps |
| **Data** | Green | `#1e3a29` | `#3c7a52` | Database, Cache |
| **External** | Orange | `#3a2e1e` | `#7a5f3c` | External APIs |
| **Error** | Red | `#3a1e1e` | `#7a3c3c` | Failures, Alerts |

### Visual Indicators
- 🔵 **Blue**: Core Infrastructure
- 🟢 **Green**: Data Operations
- 🟠 **Orange**: Event/External
- 🔴 **Red**: Critical/Error
- ⚪ **Grey**: Neutral/Boundary

---

**Cập nhật lần cuối / Last Updated**: 2026-01-14  
**Tác giả / Authors**: GoodGo Architecture Team  
**Reviewers**: To be assigned