# Kiến trúc Khả năng Quan sát

> **Note**: Khả năng quan sát toàn diện với metrics, logging và tracing

## Sơ đồ Tổng quan

```mermaid
graph TD
    subgraph "Services"
        Service1[Service A]
        Service2[Service B]
    end
    
    subgraph "Metrics"
        Service1 -->|/metrics| Prom[Prometheus]
        Service2 -->|/metrics| Prom
        Prom --> Grafana[Grafana<br/>Dashboards]
    end
    
    subgraph "Logging"
        Service1 -->|JSON Logs| Loki
        Service2 -->|JSON Logs| Loki
        Loki --> GrafanaLogs[Grafana<br/>Log Explorer]
    end
    
    subgraph "Tracing"
        Service1 -->|Spans| Jaeger
        Service2 -->|Spans| Jaeger
        Jaeger --> JaegerUI[Jaeger UI]
    end
    
    classDef service fill:#2D3748,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef metrics fill:#2F855A,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef logging fill:#C05621,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef tracing fill:#2C5282,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef dashboard fill:#4A5568,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;

    class Service1,Service2 service;
    class Prom metrics;
    class Loki logging;
    class Jaeger,JaegerUI tracing;
    class Grafana,GrafanaLogs dashboard;
```

## Bối cảnh Hệ thống

```mermaid
C4Context
    title Sơ đồ Bối cảnh Khả năng Quan sát

    Person(dev, "Developer", "Uses dashboards to monitor system")
    Person(sre, "SRE", "Manages infrastructure & alerts")
    
    System(obs, "Observability Stack", "Prometheus, Loki, Jaeger, Grafana")
    
    System_Ext(service, "Microservices", "Sends telemetry data")
    System_Ext(k8s, "Kubernetes", "Sends cluster metrics")
    
    Rel(dev, obs, "Views Dashboards", "HTTPS")
    Rel(sre, obs, "Configures Alerts", "HTTPS")
    Rel(service, obs, "Push/Pull Telemetry", "HTTP/gRPC")
    Rel(k8s, obs, "Exposes Metrics", "HTTP")

    UpdateElementStyle(dev, $fontColor="white", $bgColor="#2D3748", $borderColor="white")
    UpdateElementStyle(sre, $fontColor="white", $bgColor="#2D3748", $borderColor="white")
    UpdateElementStyle(obs, $fontColor="white", $bgColor="#2C5282", $borderColor="white")
    UpdateElementStyle(service, $fontColor="white", $bgColor="#4A5568", $borderColor="white")
    UpdateElementStyle(k8s, $fontColor="white", $bgColor="#4A5568", $borderColor="white")
```

### Mô tả Bối cảnh
- **Observability Stack**: Trung tâm thu thập và hiển thị dữ liệu (Prometheus, Loki, Jaeger, Grafana).
- **Microservices**: Gửi logs, metrics và traces (OpenTelemetry).
- **Developer/SRE**: Sử dụng Grafana để theo dõi sức khỏe hệ thống và debug.

## Ba Trụ cột Khả năng Quan sát

### 1. Metrics (Prometheus + Grafana)

```mermaid
graph LR
    Service[Service] -->|Expose /metrics| Prom[Prometheus]
    Prom -->|Scrape every 15s| Metrics[Time Series DB]
    Metrics --> Grafana[Grafana]
    Grafana --> Dashboard1[Request Dashboard]
    Grafana --> Dashboard2[Error Dashboard]
    Grafana --> Dashboard3[Performance Dashboard]
    
    classDef default fill:#2D3748,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef prom fill:#2F855A,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef grafana fill:#2C5282,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;

    class Prom prom;
    class Grafana grafana;
```

**Mô tả**: Các phép đo số theo thời gian (requests/sec, latency, errors).

**Triển khai**:
```typescript
import { Counter, Histogram, Gauge } from 'prom-client';

// HTTP request metrics
export const httpRequestDuration = new Histogram({
  name: 'http_request_duration_seconds',
  help: 'Duration of HTTP requests in seconds',
  labelNames: ['method', 'route', 'status'],
  buckets: [0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5]
});

export const httpRequestTotal = new Counter({
  name: 'http_requests_total',
  help: 'Total HTTP requests',
  labelNames: ['method', 'route', 'status']
});

export const activeRequests = new Gauge({
  name: 'http_requests_active',
  help: 'Number of active HTTP requests'
});

// Middleware để track metrics
export function metricsMiddleware(req, res, next) {
  const start = Date.now();
  activeRequests.inc();
  
  res.on('finish', () => {
    const duration = (Date.now() - start) / 1000;
    
    httpRequestDuration.observe(
      { method: req.method, route: req.route?.path || req.path, status: res.statusCode },
      duration
    );
    
    httpRequestTotal.inc({
      method: req.method,
      route: req.route?.path || req.path,
      status: res.statusCode
    });
    
    activeRequests.dec();
  });
  
  next();
}
```

### 2. Logging (Serilog + Loki)

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
    participant Service
    participant Serilog as Serilog Logger
    participant Loki
    participant Grafana
    
    Service->>Serilog: Log event
    Serilog->>Serilog: Format JSON
    Serilog->>Serilog: Add metadata<br/>(correlation ID, trace ID)
    Serilog->>Loki: Push logs
    Loki->>Loki: Index & store
    
    User->>Grafana: Query logs
    Grafana->>Loki: LogQL query
    Loki-->>Grafana: Log results
```

**Mô tả**: Structured logging với correlation IDs để tracing requests.

**Triển khai (.NET)**:
```csharp
// Program.cs - Serilog configuration
builder.Host.UseSerilog((context, config) => config
    .ReadFrom.Configuration(context.Configuration)
    .Enrich.FromLogContext()
    .Enrich.WithProperty("Service", serviceName)
    .Enrich.WithProperty("Environment", environment)
    .WriteTo.Console(new JsonFormatter())
    .WriteTo.GrafanaLoki(
        "http://loki:3100",
        labels: new [] { new LokiLabel { Key = "app", Value = serviceName } }
    ));

// Middleware - Add correlation ID
public class CorrelationIdMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
    private readonly ILogger<CorrelationIdMiddleware> _logger;
    
    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
    {
        var correlationId = context.Request.Headers["X-Correlation-Id"].FirstOrDefault()
            ?? Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
        
        context.Items["CorrelationId"] = correlationId;
        context.Response.Headers["X-Correlation-Id"] = correlationId;
        
        using (LogContext.PushProperty("CorrelationId", correlationId))
        {
            _logger.LogInformation("Request started: {Method} {Path}",
                context.Request.Method, context.Request.Path);
            
            var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
            await _next(context);
            sw.Stop();
            
            _logger.LogInformation("Request completed: {StatusCode} in {Duration}ms",
                context.Response.StatusCode, sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
        }
    }
}
```

### 3. Tracing (OpenTelemetry + Jaeger)

```mermaid
graph LR
    Request[Incoming Request] --> Trace[Create Trace]
    Trace --> SpanA[Span: HTTP Request]
    SpanA --> SpanB[Span: DB Query]
    SpanA --> SpanC[Span: Cache Check]
    SpanA --> SpanD[Span: External API]
    
    SpanB --> Jaeger[Jaeger]
    SpanC --> Jaeger
    SpanD --> Jaeger
    
    Jaeger --> Timeline[Trace Timeline]
    
    classDef default fill:#2D3748,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef trace fill:#2C5282,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef jaeger fill:#2F855A,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;

    class Trace trace;
    class Jaeger jaeger;
```

**Mô tả**: Distributed tracing để track requests giữa các services.

> [!NOTE]
> Distributed Tracing với Jaeger đang trong kế hoạch triển khai. Hiện tại sử dụng correlation IDs cho request tracking.

**Triển khai (.NET với OpenTelemetry)**:
```csharp
// Program.cs - OpenTelemetry configuration (planned)
builder.Services.AddOpenTelemetry()
    .WithTracing(tracing => tracing
        .AddAspNetCoreInstrumentation()
        .AddHttpClientInstrumentation()
        .AddEntityFrameworkCoreInstrumentation()
        .AddJaegerExporter(options =>
        {
            options.AgentHost = "jaeger";
            options.AgentPort = 6831;
        }));

// Manual span creation
public async Task<User?> GetUserByIdAsync(Guid userId, CancellationToken ct)
{
    using var activity = ActivitySource.StartActivity("GetUserById");
    activity?.SetTag("user.id", userId.ToString());
    
    try
    {
        var user = await _context.Users.FindAsync([userId], ct);
        activity?.SetStatus(ActivityStatusCode.Ok);
        return user;
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        activity?.SetStatus(ActivityStatusCode.Error, ex.Message);
        throw;
    }
}
```

## Kiểm tra Sức khỏe

```typescript
// Health check (.NET)
app.MapHealthChecks("/health", new HealthCheckOptions
{
    ResponseWriter = UIResponseWriter.WriteHealthCheckUIResponse
});

app.MapHealthChecks("/health/live", new HealthCheckOptions
{
    Predicate = _ => false // Liveness - always return healthy
});

app.MapHealthChecks("/health/ready", new HealthCheckOptions
{
    Predicate = check => check.Tags.Contains("ready")
});

// Health check registration
builder.Services.AddHealthChecks()
    .AddNpgSql(connectionString, name: "database", tags: new[] { "ready" })
    .AddRedis(redisConnectionString, name: "redis", tags: new[] { "ready" });
```

## Quy tắc Cảnh báo

```yaml
# Prometheus alerting rules
groups:
  - name: service_alerts
    interval: 30s
    rules:
      # Tỷ lệ lỗi cao
      - alert: HighErrorRate
        expr: |
          rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]) > 0.05
        for: 2m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "High error rate detected"
          description: "Error rate is {{ $value }} (> 5%)"
      
      # Độ trễ cao
      - alert: HighLatency
        expr: |
          histogram_quantile(0.95, http_request_duration_seconds_bucket) > 1
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "High latency detected"
          description: "P95 latency is {{ $value }}s"
      
      # Service down
      - alert: ServiceDown
        expr: up == 0
        for: 1m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "Service is down"
```

## Đặc điểm Hiệu suất

### Mục tiêu Hiệu suất
| Chỉ số | Mục tiêu | Ghi chú |
|--------|----------|---------|
| **Metric Scrape Interval** | 15s | Critical services |
| **Log Ingestion Latency** | < 1s | Time from emit to queryable |
| **Trace Sampling Rate** | 10% | Production (100% in Dev/Staging) |
| **Dashboard Load Time** | < 2s | P95 Latency |
| **Alert Evaluation** | Every 1m | Evaluation interval |
| **Retention Policy** | 14 days | Logs & Traces (Metrics: 30 days) |

## Cân nhắc Bảo mật

### Bảo mật Observability
- **Log Scrubbing**: Tự động loại bỏ PII (emails, ssn, credit cards) và secrets khỏi logs trước khi ingestion.
- **Access Control**: Grafana integrated với OAuth2/OIDC, phân quyền Viewer/Editor/Admin.
- **Network Policy**: Chỉ cho phép traffic từ namespace nội bộ tới các cổng ingestion (9090, 3100, 14268).
- **TLS**: Mã hóa traffic giữa agents và collectors.

## Triển khai

```mermaid
graph TD
    subgraph "Kubernetes Monitoring Namespace"
        Grafana[Grafana]
        Prom[Prometheus Server]
        Loki[Loki Gateway]
        Jaeger[Jaeger Collector]
    end
    
    subgraph "App Namespace"
        App[Application Pods]
        Agent[Grafana Agent / Promtail]
    end
    
    App -->|Push Logs| Agent
    Agent -->|Push| Loki
    
    Prom -->|Pull Metrics| App
    Prom -->|Pull Metrics| Agent
    
    App -->|Push Traces| Jaeger
    
    Grafana --> Prom
    Grafana --> Loki
    Grafana --> Jaeger
    
    classDef k8s fill:#2D3748,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef app fill:#4A5568,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef grafana fill:#2C5282,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef loki fill:#C05621,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef jaeger fill:#2F855A,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;
    classDef prom fill:#2F855A,stroke:#FFFFFF,stroke-width:2px,color:#FFFFFF;

    class Grafana grafana;
    class Loki loki;
    class Jaeger jaeger;
    class Prom prom;
    class App,Agent app;
```

**Mô tả Triển khai**:
- **Agent**: Promtail hoặc Grafana Agent chạy như DaemonSet hoặc Sidecar để thu thập logs.
- **Pull Model**: Prometheus scrape metrics từ endpoints `/metrics`.
- **Push Model**: Traces và Logs được push tới collectors.
- **Resources**: Dedicated nodes cho monitoring stack trong production để tránh ảnh hưởng workload chính.

## Tài liệu Liên quan

- [System Design](./system-design.md) - Kiến trúc tổng thể
- [Caching Architecture](./caching-architecture.md) - Cache metrics

## Quick Tips

### Mermaid Common Issues

| Issue | Solution |
|-------|----------|
| **Parse Error** | Check for special characters like `()` or `[]` inside node text without quotes. Use `"text"` for complex strings. |
| **Color Not Showing** | Ensure `style` or `classDef` definitions are correct and IDs match. |
| **Arrow Direction** | `TD` = Top-Down, `LR` = Left-Right. Choose appropriately for layout. |

### Color Pattern Quick Reference

| Element | Color | Hex | Use Case |
|---------|-------|-----|----------|
| **Primary** | Dark Blue | `#2D3748` | System components, core services |
| **Secondary** | Grey | `#4A5568` | Supporting modules, libraries |
| **Accent** | Blue | `#2C5282` | Databases, external APIs |
| **Highlight** | Teal | `#285E61` | User interactions, highlights |
| **Success** | Green | `#2F855A` | Successful states, active |
| **Warning** | Orange | `#C05621` | Warning/Caution states |
| **Error** | Red | `#C53030` | Error states, failures |

### Visual Indicators

| Indicator | Meaning |
|-----------|---------|
| 🟢 | Safe / Recommended |
| 🟡 | Warning / Caution |
| 🔴 | Danger / Anti-pattern |
| 💡 | Tip / Best Practice |

---

**Cập nhật Lần cuối**: 2026-01-14  
**Tác giả**: GoodGo Architecture Team